A soul is basically a synonym for the mind. Your second answer can not be answered, because psychology hasn't moved far enough forward to understand how the mind works. But I can tell you one thing I believe. If a clone doesn't have a mind, then we can nail out the possibility of the mind coming directly from the brain, because a clone would have that. So it would show us if the mind comes from a physical being, or if it is a divine thing, or if it is something of which we can not even comprehend yet. Odd isn't it? Something all of us have, but none of us can begin to understand...

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Do not believe out of fear, or for the fact you grew up in a religon. Believe what your heart tells you is right.
-C. Payette