It depends upon which government you are talking about. It was clearly defined for the United States in the Declaration of Independence.
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We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness. — That to secure these rights, Governments are instituted among Men, deriving their just powers from the consent of the governed,
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So, yes, the United States is established upon the consent of the government BUT we need to be careful because in the case of the United States it is the State government which the People instituted and the State governments created the Federal government by transferring power previously delegated by the People to the State. Effectively, the State governments represent the People and the Federal government represents the States.
The US Constitution clearly established this because the US Constitution was ratified by the States and amendments can only be ratified by the States and not by the People. There has never been a Constituional issue voted on by the People and lacking an amendment changing this the People will never vote on a Constitutional amendment. Additionally the President is elected by the States and not the People and originally Senators were elected by the States and not the People (later changed because State legislatures were inept at replacing Senators which needed to be replaced in mid-term).
Based upon the US Constitution the federal government should only be concerned with international affairs and affairs that affect the States and not the People directly. It is assumed that if the federal government does something to benefit the States that the People will benefit indirectly because of it.