Thread: Could the secret to "immortality" lie in lobsters and cancer?

Indefinite cellular division.

Lobsters' age cannot be reliably determined because once mature, aging slows down to a crawl.

Scientists believe that lobsters can live indefinitely barring death from external causes. While they continue growing, their cells simply don't "self-destruct" (apoptosis - programmed cell death). The reason? There are various theories as to why lobster cells, as well as other cold-water organisms, don't seem to have a Hayflick limit - a theory stating that cells have a finite ability to divide due to telomeres that grow increasing short each time the cell divides. Once the telomere segment of DNA is depleted, the cell can't divide and begins apoptosis; one of the more particularly interesting ideas is that it has something to do with ubiquitous telomerase expression and its mitigation of senescence (biological aging attributed to cellular decay).

This would allow cells to divide indefinitely and greatly mitigate the aging process; or so the telomere theory of aging would have us believe.

The "immortal" cell.

Related to this it was recently discovered that cancer cells experience fewer mutations in mRNA (mitochondrial DNA) than normal "healthy" cells. This could stem from the cancer cell switching to a predominantly aerobic energy metabolism (oxidative phosphorylation) to one that primarily uses anaerobic glycolysis. This creates fewer free radicals which are particularly harmful to mRNA. The result is that mRNA is more likely to stay intact, less likely to replicate faulty mitochondria and the cell is less likely to enter apoptosis.

In addition, cancer cells have an increased telomerase expression allowing the cells to effectively deny their previously genetically programmed Hayflick limit and theoretically replicate indefinitely.

Indefinite cell division with veritable cellular immortality? The definitive (indefinitive?) epitome of a two-edged sword from a biological standpoint.

Very interesting indeed.

Would be ironic if the answer to immortality for us was found in our old enemies the arthropods.

Cancer stem cells?...

Stem cells blamed for cancer re-growth
1 Aug.`12 - Researchers presented evidence Wednesday for the existence of cancer stem cells, with three different studies seeking to end a decades-old scientific dispute about how tumours grow.

The discovery should lead to new drugs targeting stem cells that cause tumours to reappear after cancer therapy, the teams argued in three scientific papers published simultaneously in the journals Nature and Science. "The hypothesis (that cancer stem cells exist) has been around now for some time. Hopefully these three papers now make an end to the discussion," Dutch researcher Hugo Snippert told AFP. All the studies were conducted on lab mice. Some experts have maintained that tumours are comprised of masses of cancer cells that are all the same, and all dividing.

But Snippert said the latest papers clearly show a hierarchy of cells in tumours, with different functions -- including stem cells that act as cancer cell factories. Stem cells are infant cells that develop into specialised tissues of the body, touted by medicine as a future source from which to replenish damaged tissue. In the case of intestinal cancer, a healthy stem cell mutates to create a "cell of origin" from which a tumour grows, said Snippert. The tumour contains stem cells which then create new cancer cells. Cancer stem cells must now be targeted for drug research, argued Snippert, a member of the University Medical Center Utrecht research team which focused on intestinal cancer and published its findings in Science. "Since the cancer stem cells are so similar to normal stem cells, most treatments also harm the normal stem cells," he said. "That is why it is important now to have a look at cancer stem cells, comparing them to normal stem cells to find the differences."

Focusing on incurable brain tumours, a US-based research team said they had found a subset of cells that appear to be the source of new tumour growth after chemotherapy. "This study serves as a proof of principle that in at least some solid tumours functional cancer stem cells exist," researcher Luis Parada of the University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center told AFP. Also writing in Nature, a separate team in Belgium and the UK found a sub-population of tumour cells with stem-like properties in skin cancer. "Taken together these reports provide evidence that point towards the existence of cells that may represent cancer stem cells," said a Nature press statement. Snippert said the latest technology has allowed the scientists to examine tumour cancer growth in as natural a state as possible, unlike earlier studies that involved tumour transplants in lab mice. The Dutch team was able to breed special mice in which different tumour cells displayed different colours which could then be studied under a microscope.

Say the tumour cells were red and the stem cell blue, the scientists could follow the stem cell's progeny as they spread in the tumour. "Because of the colours we could visualise everything within one and the same tumour in its original mouse at the original position where the tumour was formed," Snippert said. "It is more natural... as it would behave normally in patients." The three teams studied different organs using somewhat different techniques, but all with technology that allowed them to let the tumours grow undisturbed, said Snippert. "Better understanding of the cancer stem cells will be critical for re-evaluation of existing therapies and development of new ones," added Parada.

http://news.yahoo.com/stem-cells-bla...172102722.html