Breaking news - Arab's greatest fear "Sharon" is dead.

The Arabs have as much relation and claim to the lands of the Semites living in the Levant, as the Germans would have to claim Iran since the German language happens to be an Arian (Iranian) language...as are almost all the European languages.

Also the only language derived from the ancient Egyptian one is the Coptic language, and they were never Semites. The Arabs came with Mohamed's army. In other words what you're saying about the Arabs always being in that part of the world makes no sense.

 

I am afraid that you have never been to KSA anytime in the past 60 years.. nor have you been to Palestine.

I am just returned from the Sam Rayburn Lake and I am absolutely pooped.. Catch you later.

 

Muslims claim their origins go back to Abraham through Ismael son of Abraham and Hagar.

Semites

The term Semite means a member of any of various ancient and modern Semitic-speaking peoples originating in the Near East, including; Akkadians (Assyrians/Syriacs and Babylonians), Ahlamu, Amalekites, Ammonites, Amorites, Arameans, Chaldeans, Canaanites, Eblaites, Dilmunites, Hebrews (Israelites, Judeans and Samaritans), Edomites, Ethiopian Semites, Hyksos, Arabs, Nabateans, Maganites, Maltese, Mandaeans, Mhallami, Moabites, Phoenicians (including Carthaginians), Shebans, Sabians, Ubarites and Ugarites. It was proposed at first to refer to the languages related to Hebrew by Ludwig Schlözer, in Eichhorn's "Repertorium"

In Genesis 10:21–31, Shem is described as the father of Aram, Ashur, and Arpachshad: the Biblical ancestors of the Arabs, Aramaeans, Assyrians, Babylonians, Chaldeans, Sabaeans, and Hebrews, etc., all of whose languages are closely related; the language family containing them was therefore named "Semitic" by linguists.

The Canaanites, Edomites, Ugarites, Moabites, Ammonites, Amalekites and Amorites also spoke languages very closely related to Hebrew and attested in writing earlier, and are therefore termed Semitic in linguistics, despite being described in Genesis as sons of [Ham, son of Noah|Ham]]. Shem is also described in Genesis as the father of Elam and Lud (Lydians).

All early Semites across the entire Near East appear to have originally been Polytheist. Mesopotamian religion is the earliest recorded and for three millennia was the most influential,[9] exerting strong influence on the later recorded Canaanite religions then practiced in what is today Syria, Lebanon, Jordan, Israel, the Palestinian territories and the Sinai Peninsula, and also those of the Arameans, Chaldeans, Phoenicians/Carthaginians and Arabs. The influence of Mesopotamian religion can also be found in Armenian and Graeco-Roman religion and to some degree upon the later Semitic Monotheistic religions of Judaism, Christianity, Mandaeism, Gnosticism and Islam.

Of the West Semitic speaking peoples who occupied what is today Syria (excluding the East Semitic north east), Israel, Lebanon, Jordan, the Palestinian territories and the Sinai peninsula, the earliest references concern the Canaanite speaking Amorites (known as "Martu" or "Amurru" by the Mesopotamians) of northern and eastern Syria, and date from the 24th century BC in Mesopotamian annals.

In the 19th century BC a similar wave of Canaanite-speaking Semites entered Egypt and by the early 17th century BC these Canaanites (known as Hyksos by the Egyptians) had conquered the country, forming the Fifteenth Dynasty, introducing military technology new to Egypt, such as the war chariot.[14]

A number of Pre-Arab (or non-Arab) Semitic states are mentioned as existing (in what was much later to become known as the Arabian Peninsula) in Akkadian and Assyrian records as colonies of these Mesopotamian powers, such as Meluhha and Dilmun (in modern Bahrain). A number of other non-Arab South Semitic states existed in the far south of the peninsula, such as Sheba/Saba (in modern Yemen), Magan and Ubar (both in modern Oman).

The Shasu appear in Egyptian records circa 14th century BC, as a semi-nomadic Canaanite speaking people inhabiting Moab and northern Edom (a region stretching from the Jezreel Valley to Ashkelon and the Sinai), and a number of scholars believe the Shasu were synonymous with the Hebrews, who went on to eventually found Israel.

Between the 13th and 11th centuries BC, a number of small Canaanite speaking states arose in Southern Canaan, an area approximately corresponding to modern Israel, Jordan, the Palestinian territories and Sinai Peninsula]], these were the lands of the Edomites, Moabites, Hebrews/Israelites, Ammonites and Amalekites, all of whom spoke closely related west Semitic Canaanite languages.

In Israel the very first example of monotheism gradually evolved with the founding of Judaism and the belief in one single god, Yahweh. The Hebrew language, closely related to the earlier attested Canaanite language of the Phoenicians, would become the vehicle of the religious literature of the Tanakh and Torah, and thus eventually have global ramifications.

Judaism long centered in Judaea (Israel) and Mesopotamia, and Christianity first spread initially among the largely Aramaic speaking Semitic races of Judaea, Syria, Assyria, Babylonia, Nabatea and Phoenicia during the 1st century AD, an area encompassing the modern states of Israel, Jordan, Iraq, Syria, Lebanon, Kuwait, south eastern Turkey and the Palestinian territories.

With the advent of the Arab Islamic conquest of the 7th and 8th centuries AD, the hitherto largely uninfluential Arabic language (and Islamic culture) slowly but surely replaced many (but not all) of the indigenous Semitic languages and cultures of the Near East. Both the Near East and North Africa saw an influx of Muslim Arabic people from the Arabian Peninsula. The previously dominant Aramaic dialects gradually began to be sidelined, however descendant dialects of Aramaic, including Assyrian Neo-Aramaic, survive to this day among the Assyrians (and Mandaeans) of Iraq, Northwestern Iran, Northeastern Syria and southeastern Turkey, with the dialects of the Assyrian Christians still containing hundreds of kkadian loanwords and an Akkadian grammatical structure.[20]

Long extant Semitic geopolitical regions such as Judaea, Assyria, Phoenicia, Carthaginia and Syria were dissolved by the Arabs. Indigenous Semitic peoples became citizens in a greater Arab Islamic state, and those who resisted conversion to Islam had certain restrictions imposed upon them.[21] They were excluded from specific duties assigned to Muslims, did not enjoy certain political rights reserved to Muslims, their word was not equal to that of a Muslim in legal matters, they were subject to payment of a special tax (jizyah), they were banned from spreading their religions further in Muslim ruled lands, but were otherwise expected to adhere to the same laws of property, contract and obligation as the Muslim Arabs.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semitic Read more here.

 

Yes but are the Muslim workers given Saudi Arabian citizenship? I think not!

 

Sorry it's a crap link, time is short but the truth remains.
http://www.channel4.com/news/ariel-sharon-soldier-statesman-or-war-criminal

Pity he wasn't killed early on or deservedly hanged as the murdering dog he was.
One prays he's rotting in hell, a thousand demons violating his anus with elephants' members.

 

Here's some wishful thinking... Nothing new though - thru-out the ages, anything Jews owned or wanted, was immediately proclaimed to belong to someone else. Not this time; Israel is a Jewish homeland, and will remain.

 

Actually Moon, when Sharon died, I was thinking of something else in conjunction with you

 

UN Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon also paid tribute to former Israeli prime minister: "Throughout a life dedicated to the State of Israel, Ariel Sharon was a hero to his people, first as a soldier and then a statesman.


"Prime Minister Sharon will be remembered for his political courage and determination to carry through with the painful and historic decision to withdraw from the Gaza Strip,” Ban added.


Former US President Bill Clinton and former US Secretary of State Hillary Clinton released a statement, saying: "Ariel Sharon gave his life to Israel - to bring it into being, to sustain and preserve it, and at the end of his long service, to create a new political party committed to both a just peace and lasting security.

 

Don't forget to change hands periodically.

 

Touché

 

Margot there were Greek colonies all over the Middle East and throughout the Mediterranean, even the names were Greek, but it doesn't make those lands Greece. I'm sure there were Arab traders travelling here and there, and maybe even communities, but again it didn't make those lands Arab.

Eventually the Levant did become Hellenized and part of the Byzantine (Roman) Empire, but again they didn't become Arab until Mohamed.

 

From what I know of him, it seems he was a great man. I wonder what Israel and the west bank would have been like if he hadn't suffered that stroke?

 

I'm not going to judge Sharon, nor do I think others should since he was given a grave responsibility, and did what he believed to be the best for his country and his people. God gave him eight years to ponder over any crimes he might have committed, and repent for them. May he rest in peace.

 

those tests conducted by Zionist Ashkenazi's are about as trustworthy as those who put them together.
there is NO evidence of a Middle Eastern Jewish population entering into North Africa or Europe before 500 AD.
sure, there were a few Jews here and there, but nothing as large as the worldwide Diaspora the Zionists lie about.
why would a Middle Eastern Jew who gets kicked out of Israel move to freaking Russia or Morocco where they don't speak the language ?
they didn't - the Israelities either stayed put or at worst moved to the neighboring regions outside of Israel.
and the fact that German Jews look German and Chinese Jews look Chinese is not a coincidence.
IT'S BECAUSE THEY'RE GERMAN AND CHINESE.
The Jews today are not a race but a pure religion.
The ONLY Jews left on the planet who are pure Israelities are the non-Arab Palestinians.

you're telling me these Chinese Jews were originally from Israel and just happened to look like Chinese people ?



you're telling me these Ethopian Jews were originally from Israel and just happened to look to European ?



you're telling me these European Jews were originally from Israel and just happend to look Ethopian ?



GIVE ME A FREAKING BREAK !
It's 2014 and we're still dealing with this kind of idiotic Zionist lie !

 

which is why the North African and European Jews, and Arab Muslims have no business in Israel.
the Palestinians are the rightful people of that region - always have been, always will be.
there are Jewish, Christian, and Muslim Palestinians to this day.
the Palestinians are the true descendants of the Israelities.

 

So....Israel indicted itself, researched itself, and found themselves guilty of basically not doing enough to help two warring enemy factions? Go figure....

 

And in mine you wouldn't be. Apparently, in my country, people are responsible for their own actions and others aren't blamed.

 

IDF troops did not commit the killings, the Israelis were handing back security to the Lebanese forces who were allowed in to clear the PLO not murder civilians, once word of a massacre made it to the IDF in the morning they moved in to stop it.

 

Once again they were handing back security to the Lebanese.

No they fired illumination flairs to aid the rooting out of the PLO who had infiltrated the camps, the Lebanese forces were allowed in to take out the PLO who were using the refugee camps as bases of operations which itself was a war crime, once the IDF realized had happened and what was happening they moved into stop it. Furthermore; only 35 women and children had been killed the rest of the victims were men of fighting age.

And where is your condemnation of the PLO massacres of the Maronites that had been taking place for years? I guess they don't count since you can't use them to point a finger at Israel.

 

Absolute, nonsense, there is no such thing as a Jewish Palestinian, the Arabs who today call themselves Palestinians are descended from the Arabian Peninsula and did not make it to the Levant until the Islamic Conquests less than 2 thousand years ago, the vast majority of modern Jews including both the Sephardim and Ashkanazi are descended from the neolithic Levant they not the Arabs are the indigenous peoples of modern day Israel and the Jews and their ancestors including the Israelites and Canaanites have had an unbroken presence there for 10 thousand years. I have backed up these assertions with numerous peer reviewed genetic studies and debunked the neo-Nazi/Christian Identity/Islamic Imperialist Khazar conspiracy propaganda of yourself and others on this forum to many times to count. It's a joke at this point.

 

No give us a freaking break you were the one who got laughed out of the other thread when you provided the still shot youtube video of the Assyrians who are the oldest living population of Syria who all looked exactly like the kids in the last picture. The truth has been iterated to you numerous times is that nobody knows what color the ancient Israelites were and even if we did skin color is not an indicator of genetics, by your laughable logic (or rather lack there of) President Obama does not have any Caucasian genes because he "looks" black. Again your arguments (if they can even be called that) are completely laughable and not really worthy of any serious discussion.

 

Filthy Arabs are having a party

 

The resident neo-Nazi propagandist has already made these laughable claims that these are somehow "Zionist studies" despite not providing one scrap of evidence to that effect.

I will debunk your laughable anti-Semitic conspiracy theory clap trapped wrapped not so cleverly in a thin veil of anti-Zionism, the same as I debunked his:


Jewish and Middle Eastern non-Jewish populations share a common pool of Y-chromosome biallelic haplotypes

M. F. Hammer*†‡,
A. J. Redd*†,
E. T. Wood*†,
M. R. Bonner*,
H. Jarjanazi*,
T. Karafet*,
S. Santachiara-Benerecetti¶,
A. Oppenheim‖,
M. A. Jobling**,
T. Jenkins‡‡,
H. Ostrer††, and
B. Bonné-Tamir§

Author Affiliations

*Laboratory of Molecular Systematics and Evolution, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721; ¶Department of Genetics, Università degli Studi di Pavia, Pavia 27100, Italy; ‖Hadassah Medical School, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91120, Israel; **Department of Genetics, University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 7RH, England; ‡‡SAMIR, University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg 2000, South Africa; ††Department of Pediatrics, New York University Medical Center, New York, NY 10016; and §Department of Human Genetics, Sackler School of Medicine, Ramat Aviv 69978, Israel

Communicated by Arno G. Motulsky, University of Washington, Seattle, WA (received for review November 17, 1999)

I guess the Laboratory of Molecular Systematics and Evolution, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721; ¶Department of Genetics, Università degli Studi di Pavia, Pavia 27100, Italy; **Department of Genetics, University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 7RH, England; ‡‡SAMIR, University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg 2000, South Africa; ††Department of Pediatrics, New York University Medical Center, New York, NY 10016; and the peer review process of the University of Washington are all in on the Jewish conspiracy.

There were only two Israeli medical laboratories involved in the study the ‖Hadassah Medical School, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91120, Israel; and the §Department of Human Genetics, Sackler School of Medicine, Ramat Aviv 69978, Israel, so I guess that invalidates the entire study in the world of the rabid anti-Semite.

1. Atzmon G, Hao L, Pe'er I, Velez C, Pearlman A, Palamara PF, Morrow B, Friedman E, Oddoux C, Burns E, Ostrer H. "Abraham's children in the genome era: major Jewish diaspora populations comprise distinct genetic clusters with shared Middle Eastern ancestry." American Journal of Human Genetics 2010;86(6):850-859, doi:10.1016/j.ajhg.2010.04.015.
1) Department of Pediatrics, Human Genetics Program, NYU Langone Medical Center, New York, NY; 2) Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY; 3) Department of Computer Science, Columbia University, New York, NY; 4) Department of Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY; 5) Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel; 6) Center for Genome Informatics, New Jersey Medical School, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, Newark, NJ.

I suppose the Department of Pediatrics, Human Genetics Program NYU Langone Medical Center, New York, NY; the Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY; the Department of Computer Science, Columbia University, New York, NY; the Department of Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY; and the Center for Genome Informatics, New Jersey Medical School, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, Newark, NJ are all Zionist mouthpieces as is the peer reviewed American Journal of Human Genetics.

In this case the only Israeli University involved in the study was Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel; so I guess that once again the entire study is invalidated in the world of the rabid anti-Semite.

2. Behar DM, Metspalu M, Metspalu E, Rosset S, Parik J, Rootsi S, Chaubey G, Kutuev I, Yudkovsky G, Khusnutdinova EK, Balanovsky O, Semino O, Pereira L, Comas D, Gurwitz D, Bonne-Tamir B, Parfitt T, Hammer MF, Skorecki K, Villems R. "The genome-wide structure of the Jewish people." Nature 2010;466:238-242, doi:10.1038/nature09103. The Estonian Biocentre and Department of Evolutionary Biology, University of Tartu, Tartu 51010, Estonia, the Institute of Biochemistry and Genetics, Ufa Research Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, Ufa 450054, Russia, the Research Centre for Medical Genetics, Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, Moscow 115478, Russia, the Dipartimento di Genetica e Microbiologia, Università di Pavia, Pavia 27100, Italy, the Instituto de Patologia e Imunologia Molecular da Universidade do Porto (IPATIMUP), Porto 4200-465, Portugal, the Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade do Porto, Porto 4200-319, Portugal, the Institute of Evolutionary Biology (CSIC-UPF), CEXS-UPF-PRBB and CIBER de Epidemiología y Salud Pública, Barcelona 08003, Spain, the Department of the Languages and Cultures of the Near and Middle East, Faculty of Languages and Cultures, School of Oriental and African Studies (SOAS), University of London, London WC1H 0XG, UK, the ARL Division of Biotechnology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, USA, the Molecular Medicine Laboratory, Rambam Health Care Campus, Haifa 31096, Israel, Department of Human Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel, the Department of Statistics and Operations Research, School of Mathematical Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel, the Rappaport Faculty of Medicine and Research Institute, Technion – Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 31096, Israel

I guess the Estonian Biocentre and Department of Evolutionary Biology, University of Tartu, Tartu 51010, Estonia, the Institute of Biochemistry and Genetics, Ufa Research Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, Ufa 450054, Russia, the Research Centre for Medical Genetics, Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, Moscow 115478, Russia, the Dipartimento di Genetica e Microbiologia, Università di Pavia, Pavia 27100, Italy, the Instituto de Patologia e Imunologia Molecular da Universidade do Porto (IPATIMUP), Porto 4200-465, Portugal, the Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade do Porto, Porto 4200-319, Portugal, the Institute of Evolutionary Biology (CSIC-UPF), CEXS-UPF-PRBB and CIBER de Epidemiología y Salud Pública, Barcelona 08003, Spain, the Department of the Languages and Cultures of the Near and Middle East, Faculty of Languages and Cultures, School of Oriental and African Studies (SOAS), University of London, London WC1H 0XG, UK, and the ARL Division of Biotechnology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, USA, are all Zionist mouthpieces as is the peer reviewed Nature Magazine.

Uh oh in this case we have 4 Israeli out of total of 13 Universities involved in the study, they are the Molecular Medicine Laboratory, Rambam Health Care Campus, Haifa 31096, Israel, Department of Human Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel, the Department of Statistics and Operations Research, School of Mathematical Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel, the Rappaport Faculty of Medicine and Research Institute, Technion – Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 31096, Israel

Now let us look at some of the studies themselves:



1. Atzmon G, Hao L, Pe'er I, Velez C, Pearlman A, Palamara PF, Morrow B, Friedman E, Oddoux C, Burns E, Ostrer H. "Abraham's children in the genome era: major Jewish diaspora populations comprise distinct genetic clusters with shared Middle Eastern ancestry." American Journal of Human Genetics 2010;86(6):850-859, doi:10.1016/j.ajhg.2010.04.015.

2. Behar DM, Metspalu M, Metspalu E, Rosset S, Parik J, Rootsi S, Chaubey G, Kutuev I, Yudkovsky G, Khusnutdinova EK, Balanovsky O, Semino O, Pereira L, Comas D, Gurwitz D, Bonne-Tamir B, Parfitt T, Hammer MF, Skorecki K, Villems R. "The genome-wide structure of the Jewish people." Nature 2010;466:238-242, doi:10.1038/nature09103.

The competing Rhineland and Khazarian theories were most recently discussed by Ostrer in two studies published in 2012 and in his well received book, Legacy: A Genetic History of the Jewish People. He found that geographically and culturally distant Jews still have more genes in common than they do with non-Jews around them, and that those genes can be traced back to the Levant, an area including modern-day Israel. “All European [Ashkenazi] Jews seem connected on the order of fourth or fifth cousins, Ostrer has said.

The concept of the “Jewish people” remains controversial. The Law of Return, the Israeli law that established the right of Jews around the world to settle in Israel and which remains in force today, was a central tenet of Zionism. The DNA that links Ashkenazi, Sephardi and Mizrahi, three prominent culturally and geographically distinct Jewish groups, could conceivably be used to support Zionist territorial claims —except, as Ostrer has pointed out, some of the same markers can be found in Palestinians, distant genetic cousins of the Jews, as well. Palestinians, understandably, want their own ‘right of return’.

That disagreement over the interpretations of Middle Eastern DNA also pits Jewish traditionalists against a particular strain of secular Jewish ultra-liberals who have joined with anti-Israeli Arabs and many non-Jews to argue for an end to Israel as a Jewish nation. Their hero is the Austrian-born Shlomo Sand—and now Elhaik. His study gained buzz in neo-Nazi websites and radical anti-Israeli and more radical pro-Palestinian blogs. For example, the notorious former Ku Klux Klansman David Duke actually attacked Elhaik in his latest anti-Jewish rant—Duke’s anti-Semitic beliefs hang on the fact that Jews are genetically cohesive and conspiratorial. “The disruptive and conflict-ridden behavior which has marked out Jewish Supremacist activities through the millennia strongly suggests that Jews have remained more or less genetically uniform and have … developed a group evolutionary survival strategy based on a common biological unity — something which strongly militates against the Khazar theory,” Duke wrote in his blog in February.

While Elhaik’s work has provided ideological support for those seeking the destruction of Israel, it’s fallen flat among established scientists, who peer reviewed his work and found it sloppy at best and political at worst.

“He’s just wrong,” said Marcus Feldman of Stanford University, a leading researcher in Jewish genetics. “If you take all of the careful genetic population analysis that has been done over the last 15 years… there’s no doubt about the common Middle Eastern origin,” he said. He added that Elhaik’s paper “is sort of a one-off.”

“It’s an unrealistic premise,” said University of Arizona geneticist Michael Hammer, one of the world’s top Y-chromosomal researchers.

Discover’s Razib Khan did a textured critique in his Gene Expression blog, noting the study’s historical fuzziness and its selective use of data to come up with what seems like a pre-cooked conclusion. As Razib writes, it’s hardly surprising that we would find a small but sizable Khazarian contribution to the “Jewish gene pool”. In fact the male line of my own family traces to the Caucuses, suggesting I’m one of the 20 percent or so of Jews whose lineage traces to converted royal Khazarians. But that view is widely acknowledged by Ostrer, Hammer, Feldman, Michael Thomas and every major researcher in this area—as summarized in my book, Abraham’s Children: Race, Identity and the DNA of the Chosen People.

http://www.forbes.com/sites/jonenti...l-calls-those-who-disagree-nazi-sympathizers/

Further down in the same article, Haaretz at least mentions that there is another side to what genetics tell us about the origins of European Jews. It refers to the work of Professor Harry Ostrer, who is the author of "The Genetic History of the Jews," a new book also published this year by Oxford University Press. Looking at his credentials, his work should have been at the top of the story. Ostrer served as the director of the Human Genetics Program at New York University School of Medicine, where he worked for more than two decades. Today he is head of genetic testing at Albert Einstein College of Medicine. Unlike Elhaik, he does not accept the argument that European Jewry comes from Central Asia but rather he says that Jews around the world can trace their genetic history to the Middle East 2,000 years ago.

http://www.israelhayom.com/site/newsletter_opinion.php?id=3131

Ostrer, Harry. Legacy: A Genetic History of the Jewish People, Oxford University Press, 2012 http://books.google.com.au/books?id=RayZR3V1SFwC&pg=PA26#v=onepage&q&f=false

Haplotypes constructed from Y-chromosome markers were used to trace the paternal origins of the Jewish Diaspora. A set of 18 biallelic polymorphisms was genotyped in 1,371 males from 29 populations, including 7 Jewish (Ashkenazi, Roman, North African, Kurdish, Near Eastern, Yemenite, and Ethiopian) and 16 non-Jewish groups from similar geographic locations. The Jewish populations were characterized by a diverse set of 13 haplotypes that were also present in non-Jewish populations from Africa, Asia, and Europe. A series of analyses was performed to address whether modern Jewish Y-chromosome diversity derives mainly from a common Middle Eastern source population or from admixture with neighboring non-Jewish populations during and after the Diaspora. Despite their long-term residence in different countries and isolation from one another, most Jewish populations were not significantly different from one another at the genetic level. Admixture estimates suggested low levels of European Y-chromosome gene flow into Ashkenazi and Roman Jewish communities. A multidimensional scaling plot placed six of the seven Jewish populations in a relatively tight cluster that was interspersed with Middle Eastern non-Jewish populations, including Palestinians and Syrians. Pairwise differentiation tests further indicated that these Jewish and Middle Eastern non-Jewish populations were not statistically different. The results support the hypothesis that the paternal gene pools of Jewish communities from Europe, North Africa, and the Middle East descended from a common Middle Eastern ancestral population, and suggest that most Jewish communities have remained relatively isolated from neighboring non-Jewish communities during and after the Diaspora.


Jewish and Middle Eastern non-Jewish populations share a common pool of Y-chromosome biallelic haplotypes


...the Y chromosomes in Palestinian Arabs and Bedouin represent, to a large extent, early lineages derived from the Neolithic inhabitants of the area and additional lineages from more-recent population movements. The early lineages are part of the common chromosome pool shared with Jews. According to our working model, the more-recent migrations were mostly from the Arabian Peninsula, as is seen in the Arab-specific Eu 10 chromosomes that include the modal haplotypes observed inPalestinians and Bedouin... The study demonstrates that the Y chromosome pool of Jews is an integral part of the genetic landscape of the region and, in particular, that Jews exhibit a high degree of genetic affinity to populations living in the north of the Fertile Crescent.


The Y Chromosome Pool of Jews as Part of the Genetic Landscape of the Middle East

Both the extent and location of the maternal ancestral deme from which the Ashkenazi Jewry arose remain obscure. Here, using complete sequences of the maternally inherited mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA), we show that close to one-half of Ashkenazi Jews, estimated at 8,000,000 people, can be traced back to only 4 women carrying distinct mtDNAs that are virtually absent in other populations, with the important exception of low frequencies among non-Ashkenazi Jews. We conclude that four founding mtDNAs, likely of Near Eastern ancestry, underwent major expansion(s) in Europe within the past millennium.


The Matrilineal Ancestry of Ashkenazi Jewry: Portrait of a Recent Founder
Event

DNA Evidence

Modern DNA studies on the Y chromosome of Jews worldwide have largely disproven the Khazar origin theory for the vast majority of Jews, including the Ashkenazi.

A 1999 study by Hammer et al., published in the Proceedings of the United States National Academy of Sciences compared the Y chromosomes of Ashkenazi, Roman, North African, Kurdish, Near Eastern, Yemenite, and Ethiopian Jews with 16 non-Jewish groups from similar geographic locations. It found that "Despite their long-term residence in different countries and isolation from one another, most Jewish populations were not significantly different from one another at the genetic level... The results support the hypothesis that the paternal gene pools of Jewish communities from Europe, North Africa, and the Middle East descended from a common Middle Eastern ancestral population, and suggest that most Jewish communities have remained relatively isolated from neighboring non-Jewish communities during and after the Diaspora."[50] According to Nicholas Wade "The results accord with Jewish history and tradition and refute theories like those holding that Jewish communities consist mostly of converts from other faiths, or that they are descended from the Khazars, a medieval Turkish tribe that adopted Judaism."[51]

A 2001 study by Nebel et al. found Haplogroup R1a chromosomes (called Eu 19 in the paper), which are very frequent in Eastern European populations (54%-60%), at elevated frequency (12.7%) in Ashkenazi Jews. The authors hypothesized that these chromosomes could reflect low-level gene flow into Ashkenazi populations from surrounding Eastern European populations, or, alternatively, that both the Ashkenazi Jews in Haplogroup R1a, and to a greater extent all Eastern European populations in general, might have some partial Khazar ancestry.[52]

A 2003 study of the Y-chromosome by Behar et al. found that among Ashkenazi Levites, who comprise approximately 4% of Ashkenazi Jews, the prevalence of Haplogroup R1a1 was over 50%. This haplogroup is uncommon in other Jewish groups, but found in high frequencies in eastern European populations. They argued that "it is likely that the event leading to a high frequency of R1a1 NRYs within the Ashkenazi Levites involved very few, and possibly only one, founding father." They postulated that one likely source of the gene was a "a founder(s) of non-Jewish European ancestry, whose descendents were able to assume Levite status", and that an alternate "attractive source would be the Khazarian Kingdom, whose ruling class is thought to have converted to Judaism in the 8th or 9th century." They concluded that "Although neither the NRY haplogroup composition of the majority of Ashkenazi Jews nor the microsatellite haplotype composition of the R1a1 haplogroup within Ashkenazi Levites is consistent with a major Khazar or other European origin, as has been speculated by some authors (Baron 1957; Dunlop 1967; Ben-Sasson 1976; Keys 1999), one cannot rule out the important contribution of a single or a few founders among contemporary Ashkenazi Levites."[53]

A 2005 study by Nebel et al., based on Y chromosome polymorphic markers, showed that Ashkenazi Jews are more closely related to other Jewish and Middle Eastern groups than to their local neighbouring populations in Europe. However, 11.5% of male Ashkenazim were found to belong to Haplogroup R1a1 (R-M17), the dominant Y chromosome haplogroup in Eastern Europeans, suggesting possible gene flow between the two groups. The authors hypothesized that "R-M17 chromosomes in Ashkenazim may represent vestiges of the mysterious Khazars". They concluded "However, if the R-M17 chromosomes in Ashkenazi Jews do indeed represent the vestiges of the mysterious Khazars then, according to our data, this contribution was limited to either a single founder or a few closely related men, and does not exceed ~ 12% of the present-day Ashkenazim.[54]

A 2010 study on Jewish ancestry by Atzmon et al. says "Two major groups were identified by principal component, phylogenetic, and identity by descent (IBD) analysis: Middle Eastern Jews and European/Syrian Jews. The IBD segment sharing and the proximity of European Jews to each other and to southern European populations suggested similar origins for European Jewry and refuted large-scale genetic contributions of Central and Eastern European and Slavic populations to the formation of Ashkenazi Jewry."[55]


Genetic studies on Ashkenazi Jewery

Yes peer reviewed in prestigious academic and scientific journals IE completely trustworthy.

 

What you would expect from these pissing clowns?

 

Only to stab you in the back