American propaganda. The Cold War.

The main teacher of American propagandists is


Propaganda in the Third Reich

A totalitarian state is known for its own operation and control over all spheres of social life creates a special tool. The most important place in this toolbox, along with the party and its organizations, repressive agencies occupy the media of communication. In contrast, democratic society where the means of communication perform primarily a function of information in a totalitarian state they turn into all-out propaganda apparatus, which determined the relevance of our research.

Organization and basic principles of National Socialist propaganda began to emerge in the 20s., Simultaneously with the emergence and establishment of the National Socialist German Workers' Party (NSDAP). The propaganda, which, according to A. Hitler, "a masterful use of the Marxist-socialist organization," National Socialists saw a means of recruiting party. Already in the 20s. began to form the basic principles of National Socialist propaganda in its most complete form set out in A. Hitler «Mein Kampf», in the chapter "War propaganda." Adolf Hitler came to the conclusion that an effective influence on the masses to create a special body of "total propaganda" all "art" of which should be to "make a lot of trust," National Socialism.
Soon after the Nazis came to power in Germany was created Ministry of Propaganda and Public Education, headed by chief of the department of propaganda, Goebbels J. NSDAP. Ministry of existing advocacy organizations united Reich, becoming a virtual monopoly in the sphere of propaganda in order to "pierce the ideas of National Socialism, all aspects of the German nation." In accordance with Government Decree of 30 June 1933, transferred to the Ministry of the overall political propaganda, the highest political school, public festivals, press, radio, publishing, art, music, theater, cinema, the moral state of society. The new minister called his position "revolutionary" because in his hands passed the "national education of the people."

Led by their Ministry of Propaganda and Public Education had no parallel in world history. Principles set out his boss: simplicity, scale, density, implemented in the daily work of a vast empire of media. The truth is it tolerated only as it responds to the interests of the regime. Lie was much more convenient - she knew no bounds and allow employees to feel Goebbels architects of human souls. Following the ban of the liberal press bet was made on the consistency of campaigns, not only accompanied but precede the principal inside - and foreign policy decisions. In a specific implementation of these campaigns is very similar to commercial advertising, referring to the subconscious of consumers, relying on the clarity and separating the advertising image of a "product" of its real content. One of the first organized from the top "spontaneous protests" were burning unwanted books to the new regime of university students May 10, 1933 Later, as the subjects of ideological censorship acted about fifty party and state institutions, the list of banned and withdrawn from the libraries of books, tens of thousands of names.
"Propaganda should be up to each" - realizing this principle, Goebbels apparatus showed an inexhaustible imagination. This includes the use of technological innovations such as radio, allows you to directly influence the mood of millions of housewives, spent their time in the kitchen, and raising the required logs (Wochenschau) before screening, and the book "Mein Kampf" as a compulsory gift newlyweds. Propaganda influenced even gourmet tastes of the population - in a course on autarky and foreign currency savings campaign was launched for the rejection of organic coffee, and butter fell into the category of products, undermining the defense of Germany (rüstungsfeindlich).
http://www.historicus.ru/propaganda

 

A specific feature of totalitarian propaganda is that it does not just manipulate public opinion - it is creating, transforming into "the central instrument of social control." On any of the issues of concern to a particular person, it must have a ready answer. Nazi propaganda was pervasive, extending from the modest kitchen to the cyclopean buildings in Nuremberg, where the annual congresses held the NSDAP. Eyewitnesses perceived them as an unforgettable show - the day the endless parades and the apotheosis of Hitler's appearance on the podium at night locks of light rays produced by thousands of projectors and massive torch-light processions. The main participants of a congress, the number of which reached hundreds of thousands, it was not a discussion of policy and decision-making, and emotional enthusiasm and sense of belonging to what is happening. "The Fuehrer thinks for us" - this iconic formula relieved of many Germans of remorse for their complicity in criminal acts of the regime.
In the formation of the Ministry of Propaganda Goebbels had literally to fight for the authority of other agencies. So from the Ministry of Internal Affairs were withdrawn general issues of domestic propaganda, the right of supervision over the press, radio and cinema. Ministry of Economy has lost control over advertising, exhibitions and fairs. Ministry of Foreign Affairs handed over the entire Goebbels propaganda work abroad and lost his own press department. According to Joachim von Ribbentrop, who headed the Ministry of Foreign Affairs in 1938, the decision was "political and organizational error" and caused some tension in relations with the Ministry of Propaganda. However, when implementing major foreign policy and military actions of both the Ministry acted in concert, and the Foreign Ministry was preparing a "white book" on which the campaigns were conducted.
For a long time the struggle continued between Goebbels and the Wehrmacht for the management of military propaganda. The conflict officially ended with a compromise in the winter 1938-1939. When special agreement was signed the "division of powers." In the event of war, all war propaganda in the country surrendered to the Ministry of Joseph Goebbels. In war-torn areas propaganda department was engaged in war propaganda the Wehrmacht, who coordinated the main propaganda line with Goebbels. But during the Second World War, clashes between the military and the Ministry of Propaganda were a common feature. Goebbels once wrote in his diary: "I complained to Brauchitsch. It's too hard to beat their own drum. " Do not stop infighting by the Minister for the Occupied Eastern Territories A. Rosenberg. June 29, 1941, Goebbels, not without anger, wrote in his diary: "Rosenberg intends to organize its propaganda shop one ... Everyone wants to engage in propaganda, and the less it understands, the more wants. "
http://www.historicus.ru/propaganda

 

Despite some competition in the field of propaganda, Joseph Goebbels in ministry was a most influential person. Ministry's budget has grown from 28 million marks in 1934 to 95 million in 1939 Over 10 years of ministry has received from the budget of 1.3 billion marks. On April 1, 1939 the total number of employees in the headquarters of the ministry was 956 people. A year later the number had grown to 1356, and by April 1941 it employed 1902 people. The Ministry of Propaganda had collected the best advocacy skills Nazis. His skeleton in 1933 amounted to former employees of the management of the NSDAP propaganda, and where each party 10 had a gold badge. The average age is 39 years old, most of them belonged to upper middle class, half had university degrees.
The internal structure of the ministry is constantly changing, growing number of departments. Originally been allocated departments of propaganda, radio, press, cinema, theater, but in 1935 the number of units increased to 9 in 1942 to 14. In addition, the Ministry had advice on publishing, which was under the control of publishers in 2800 and 27 thousand bookselling establishments. In the hands of the ministry was in fact a system of obtaining information. In 1934 he had combined two major news agencies: agency and Wolff Telegraphic Union, a member of a newspaper concern Hugenberg. The merger came official news agency "German Press Bureau."
Division of the Ministry was leading the propaganda department, who had no specialization. On it was given the task to promote the ideology of NSDAP, party documents, government policies, doctrines of racial, etc. It planned a variety of state propaganda campaign, conducted with great pomp. Particularly carefully planned and carried out magnificently events involving Hitler.
Under the supervision of the Ministry of Propaganda were all German radio. Department of Radio formulate policy in the field of broadcasting and oversaw its implementation. In his hands was German Broadcasting Corporation, and 26 million listeners - 40% of the population. There were several radio stations (Munich, Königsberg, Leipzig, Dresden, Hamburg), which were broadcast in European countries, mainly for the "Volksdeutsche". Constantly increase the number of transfers to the "far abroad". In 1938, the daily duration of foreign broadcasts was on Western Hemisphere 22 hours, Africa, 8:00, Asia - 21. More than half of the transmission was conducted in English, about 40% - in German. In 1943, foreign broadcasting was conducted in 53 languages. Much attention during the Second World War, was given a "black propaganda" from secret radio stations located in Germany. So against the Soviet Union worked three radio stations. One of them wore a Trotskyist character, another - separatist, the third - pretended to be a "national-Russian."
http://www.historicus.ru/propaganda

 

Even before coming to power, Hitler regarded the press as one of the most powerful weapons in the struggle for Germany and the Nazi regime of personal dictatorship. After becoming chancellor, he was followed by broadcast, film, music, theater, literature and fine art media declared the policy of the Third Reich glyayhshaltung. Newspapers and magazines in Germany were under the strict supervision of the Minister of Public Enlightenment and Propaganda Dr. Paul Joseph Goebbels. All opposition to the Nazi regime banned the publication. Press law, adopted October 4, 1933, declared in effect "racial cleansing" of journalism. Expelled from the newspapers or liberal-minded Jewish editors and reporters. The rest were obliged to pass the test of "racial purity" and to prove to obtain a work permit, they are not married to Jews. They are required loyalty to the Nazi regime. An important step was the Nazi authorities expropriation of newspapers and magazines that belonged to Jews. Owners, the Jews were under pressure to force them to sell their publications. In case of failure of their newspaper banned for a few days, then weeks, until then, until they found themselves on the brink of ruin. Publishing House Ullshteyna, the owner of a Jew, was bought by a Nazi publishing house Verlag Eher. Among the newspapers acquired by Max Aman, was a famous, founded in 1703, a liberal newspaper "Vossische Zeitung". "Berliner tageblat" managed to hold out until 1937. As the German Foreign Ministry was interested to have an impact on world opinion and to the Nazi regime in a favorable light, Goebbels allowed to maintain some independence is widely known in the world of the newspaper "Frankfurter Zeitung". However, the entire staff of Jewish origin was from the newspaper fired.
http://www.historicus.ru/propaganda

 

Once under the monopoly control of the Nazis, many newspapers in the absence of competition at first flourished. Purchased the NSDAP in the early years of the Nazi movement "Volkischer Beobachter" became the most significant official newspaper of the Third Reich. It was headed by the chief theorist of National Socialism Alfred Rosenberg. It was published in Munich as a morning daily newspaper, and spread throughout the country in enormous editions. The quality of materials is much lower than the level of journalism, made in the Weimar Republic. In Berlin, Goebbels began to publish his own newspaper, "Angrif." Disease in high reputation of the former German press abroad, Goebbels kept the name, structure and general appearance of some old newspapers.
At the same time he was careful to ensure that their content is strictly in line with the national-socialist political line. The editor of the oldest Berlin newspaper "Bersee Zeitung" ("Exchange Newspaper"), he appointed a personal adviser to Hitler's Economic and Financial Affairs, Walter Funk. Goebbels exercised vigilant control over more than 3,600 newspapers, magazines and hundreds of Germany. Every morning he took the editors of daily newspapers and correspondents in Berlin newsrooms from other cities and gave them clear instructions what to pay attention in the news today. Similar instructions he sent a telegraph or by mail at a small newspaper in the province. Goebbels demanded of journalists to act strictly in accordance with the party line and, above all, never doubt the word Hitler. They were expected to praise Hitler and the demonstration of sympathy for the members of the party leadership, referred to the Ministry of Propaganda. Intermediary between the Office of Goebbels and the press became a veteran journalist and commentator Hans Fritzsche, appointed in 1937 chief of the German press service.
http://www.historicus.ru/propaganda

 

Goebbels showed particular interest in relation to foreign correspondents working in Berlin. In order to create a decent image of the Nazi regime in the foreign press, he did not hesitate to direct or veiled bribe: Are foreign correspondents luxury apartments, cars, generously entertained them during a reception hosted entertainment and excursions, etc. However, in general, if not Apart from a few sycophants, he never managed to win the foreign press corps.
A particular challenge for Goebbels was polupornograficheskaya newspaper "Stuermer" published by Julius Streicher. Goebbels is quite aware of the harm it inflicted to the Nazi regime, but it supported Hitler himself, who, despite their own statements about morality, read every issue of the newspaper from cover to cover, and above all because of the constant partisan attacks on the Jews of this newspaper . In 1940, after the fall of Poland, Goebbels founded another weekly party newspaper "Das Reich" to each number of which he wrote an editorial. The first issue of "Reich" was released May 26, 1940, and two rooms newspaper quietly died. At the end of the 2nd World War, when newspapers began to appear regularly, Goebbels still managed to close shtrayherovsky "Sturmer".
Most of the German population is not interested in unimpressive Nazi media. In the period from 1933 to 1937 the number of newspapers has decreased from 3607 to 2671. Official newspapers, such as "Volkischer Beobachter" or "Angrif", despite the solid financial support, also losing readers very soon realized that in the Third Reich there is no independent press.
http://www.historicus.ru/propaganda

 

There is one thing all of these threats had in common. ALL of them were anti-democracy, and against individual freedom.

Red Dawn was awesome btw. Hate keeps me warm.

 

Also, propaganda does not work well in America, because we have a free media. Anyone can express any opinion they want, without fear of retaliation from the government. Commie and Theocratic governments cannot say the same.

 

I got it. I'm not saying that Americans are bad, I am well to the Americans.
Your government is (*)(*)(*)(*).
The theme of propaganda interesting. But it is surprising that you have not in the U.S thread the topic like this.

 

The reason we do not talk about it is because there is no need to. That was my point.

The government does not retaliate against people here simply because they express views that the people currently in power dont like. To do so would be political suicide. Anything resembling propaganda is aggressively criticized by the media (both liberal and conservative).

The state does not get to veto what ideas are allowed to be expressed here. You can express any opinion you want...even really vile ones. We have groups advocating white supremacy and pedophilia and theocracy. Even communism.

All the stuff you posted was a reflection of common American opinion at the time...it was not something being projected by the government. If anything, it was the exact opposite.

 

However, if you look at FoxNews it is easy to see the link to the propaganda of Joseph Goebbels.
Here in Russia, freedom of speech, you can verify this by looking
any Russian political forum. Sometimes there are even a lot of freedom.
And this thread - it's just excursion into the past

 

Here's the thing though:

1) Fox News is not the government. They are just a part of the media.

2) Fox news can and has been criticized by lots of people. And very publically.

That is why Fox News is hardly comparable to "Joseph Goebbels". It is not remotely the same thing.

Well, here are a few of the problems:

That is not trivial IMO. Americans (both liberal and conservative) would never tolerate this from our government. It would be immediately condemned and any elected officials supporting it would be gone the next election, assuming they were not removed by recall before then.

This is not even close to an exhaustive list. There are many more examples.

You will find modern Americans will mock it just as much as you do.

I am old enough to remember Red Dawn when it first came out. At the time it seemed really dramatic and emotional. In hindsight it seems kind of corney.

 

I think it is very naive to believe in existence of free mass-media. All mass-media belong to somebody: the state, a private person or a corporate group. It means that the mass-media reflects the point of view and interests of it's owner.

 

I have an opportunity to compare reading the Russian and western mass-media. FoxNews and BBC are not the best examples of freedom of mass-media. Their policy is formed by people of very highly rank while journalist is just an ordinary performer. It is obvious even from illumination of events of 2008. I do not speak that Russian mass-media are completely free, and you do not tell me please the legend about free western mass-media. Russian mass-media are free in the same degree in which western mass-media are free. No more and not less.

 

It's true. In this case, we come to source i mean U.S. government .
Until now in the U.S. believe that all Russian are (*)(*)(*)(*)(*)(*)(*)s. It is well documented by means of Hollywood

 

I agree. But Fox News is completely privately owned, and does not answer to the government and does not represent the government. That was my point. Thats why it is not government propaganda.

I dont need to...it is self evident. Mass media in America is not restricted by the government. We have no outlawed parties. We have no opinions that are forbidden.

Wikipedia disagrees apparently. All those examples I cited I got from there, and there are more where those came from.

Russia has certainly made progress since the Soviet days, but they still have problems.

But being privately owned, they have to convince the masses to want it. If the masses dont want it, the media outlet is replaced by a competitor that delivers what the masses DO want.

That is why it is relevant that American media is not government owned or controlled. It really is a reflection of the people who consume it.

 

I think from this point of view the situation in the USSR was even more fair as all mass-media belonged to the state and everybody knew that the mass-media reflect the state point of view. So we listened and read between lines. While the western mass-media formally belong to private persons and corporations but reflect the state point of view in the same degree. This situation just creates the illusion of freedom, but this is not a freedom indeed.

 

What the news do you believe ? Do you have a reliable source of news ?

 

I just can repeat for you my previous post.
"I think from this point of view the situation in the USSR was even more fair as all mass-media belonged to the state and everybody knew that the mass-media reflect the state point of view. So we listened and read between lines. While the western mass-media formally belong to private persons and corporations but reflect the state point of view in the same degree. This situation just creates the illusion of freedom, but this is not a freedom indeed."
I'd add the real freedom is impossible.

 

Like other mass media of the Third Reich, the Nazi authorities subordinated to the interests of national broadcasting policy glyayhshaltung. Shortly after Hitler came to power, he gave the Minister of Public Enlightenment and Propaganda, Dr. Goebbels full control over the work of German radio stations. Stating that the spoken word has on the population a greater impact than printed, Goebbels chose broadcasting as a basic tool of Nazi propaganda. "What the press was in the nineteenth century, radio will become in the twentieth," - said Goebbels.
During the Weimar Republic, as in almost all of Europe, the German broadcasting was public. In March 1933, Goebbels reassign national radio, transferring it from the Main Post Office in the Ministry of Propaganda. From that point until the last minutes of the Third Reich, the German work stations to the smallest detail personally supervised by Goebbels and his staff. At the head of the Imperial radiopalaty, became a part of the Ministry of Propaganda for the rights of control, he put Euzhena Hadamovskogo. August 16, 1933 Hadamovsky issued an order stating: "We, National Socialists, must show sufficient dynamism and enthusiasm to win instantly Germany and the rest of the world. Parteigenosse Dr. Goebbels asked me to clean the July 13, 1933 broadcast of the influence of German opponents of our cause. I can now announce that this work has been done completely. "
Day and night, radio stations were talking about Germany avidly Nazi Fuehrer as a national asset, praised the Nazi way of life, an extraordinary patriotism, nationalism, and the greatest challenges facing the Germans. Every owner of a radio was obliged to pay him a monthly fee as 2 Reichsmark, which went to the Ministry of propaganda. German radio propaganda also served as a tool in foreign countries. Goebbels was the concern to make a favorable impression of the Nazi regime for foreign listeners. In 1933 it was approved five-year broadcasting abroad. At short wavelengths from Berlin, Dresden and Munich were radio broadcasts of opera performances, symphony concerts were transferred from Leipzig. In these programs skillfully interweaved Nazi propaganda. Broadcasting to foreign countries to implement specially designed radio station in Alsace-Lorraine worked station in Frankfurt-am-Main, in Belgium, broadcast from Cologne to Denmark from Hamburg and Bremen, Breslau, Czechoslovakia and from Gleiwitz, in Austria from Munich. Broadcasting to the rest of the country was conducted around the clock in twelve languages ​​of the huge radio studio in Zezene.
After the start of the 2nd World War, Goebbels' department is facing serious problems with the radio. Many Germans are pretty fed up with boring Nazi propaganda and distorted news always preferred to listen to English or Soviet radio to find out the true picture of events. Listening to foreign radio stations was considered treason and severely punished: but for the first year of the 2nd World War, more than 1,500 Germans were sent to concentration camps, prisons or correctional labor. In 1942, former chief of Press propaganda ministry, Hans Fritzsche was withdrawn from the Eastern Front to lead the department of broadcasting. "Radio broadcasting should reach everyone, or it does not reach anyone," - said Fritsche. At the end of the war, Soviet specialists have developed a method for simultaneous broadcasting on frequencies used in Germany, which allowed to interfere in the transfer of the German radio. Listeners in Germany unexpectedly of transmission could be heard shouting excitedly, "is a lie!" And then followed a short "a truthful message" about a particular event. And, often imitated the voice of Hitler and Goebbels. At such times, the radio station staff was forced to interrupt transmission, and the air was played patriotic music. Particular impact on the audience had a Soviet radio transmission in which the names were read of German war criminals
http://www.historicus.ru/propaganda

 

The establishment of the Nazi regime in 1933 caused a sharp decline of the German theater. Under the cultural leadership of the head of the Ministry of Public Enlightenment and Propaganda Joseph Goebbels theater, followed by cinema, radio, visual arts, literature and the press, was the policy of glyayhshaltung. The first step was the expulsion of the Nazi authorities of the theatrical environment of all Jews - the producers, directors and actors, many of whom have successfully worked in film and theater
The authorities of the Third Reich tried all means to preserve the public interest, accustomed to high quality theatrical productions. Goebbels appointed Hans Jost, playwright of average ability, the head of the Imperial Chamber Theatre, under the control of the Ministry of Propaganda.
In his theatrical works Yost had two purposes. The first - "German should be born in blood and in fact in Germanism." The second - "Theater is the last educational opportunity to save the German nation from complete materialism only realistic world." Yost set the tone of a new national drama, repeating a line from his "Schlageter": "When I hear the word 'culture', I forget about security, reach for a revolver."
Some playwrights have won the approval of the Nazi Goebbels, embodying the scene racial doctrine. However, like the plays failed to gain the attention of the German public.

After the Nazis came to power, German cinema, which received worldwide recognition before thanks to the talent and originality of German actors and directors, has become an integral part of glyayhshaltung - the subordination of all spheres of life in Germany of Nazi ideology. "I want to use cinema as a propaganda tool," - said Goebbels, Hitler ordered that control of filmmaking at all stages - from production to rent. The first step was cleaning the authorities of the production and creative cinema from "racially alien elements" - persons of Jewish nationality. This was the reason that many filmmakers in Germany were forced to leave the country.
Among them were directed by Fritz Lang, William Dieterle, Ernst Lubitsh, composers who created music for films, Kurt Weill, Frederick Hollander, Hans Eisler, Michael Shpolyanskaya, actors Fritz Kortner, Conrad Veidt, Elizabeth Bergner, Marlene Dietrich, Madi Christiansen and many other. Actress Brigitte Helm was accused of "racial contamination of the nation" on the grounds that she was married to a Jew. The popular actor Leo Reus fled to Vienna, where, having changed his Jewish appearance, specializing in "Aryan" roles. The beautiful German actress Renate Mueller committed suicide, unable to bear harassment Propaganda Minister Joseph Goebbels. All Germany was outraged by an incident in 1940 with the most popular film actor Joachim Gottschalk country. Being married to a Jewess, the actor refused to comply with requirements of authorities to divorce his wife and child to leave. Accusing the actor's wife of racial inferiority, the Gestapo gave wives one day to leave the country. By refusing to emigrate, the couple committed suicide. After the incident, the German film studios were close to mutiny.
Nazi control of the film industry reached its peak in 1934-35. April 25, 1935 in Berlin International Film Festival opened, which brought together more than two thousand delegates from 40 countries worldwide. The festival was the official premiere of the film "Triumph of the Will" (directed by Leni Riefenstahl), shot during the party congress in Nuremberg in September 1934. By 1937, the German film industry was effectively nationalized. In 1938 came another major documentary - "Olympia" (directed by L. Riefenstahl), chronicles the 1936 Olympics. In 1939 began a series of anti-Semitic films, "Rothschild Waterloo" (1940), "Jew Suss" (1940), etc.
In the early years of the 2nd World War, Nazi films praising the exploits of the triumphal soldiers of Wehrmacht, in the form of presenting okarikaturennom opponent as weak, cowardly and craven. German newsreels were presented by the public daily reports of victories on the fronts. Since 1943 the tone of movies began to change - required to maintain the morale of the army and the nation. After the end of the war Berlin studio was destroyed by bombing the Allies, film studios moved to Amsterdam, Budapest and Rome.
In the entire history of the Third Reich (1933-45) in Germany was released in 1363 feature-length film. All of these films, as well as short films, news and documentaries, before a large demonstration necessarily viewed the Propaganda Ministry. Most feature films were not only from life, but in general of creativity. Only a small fraction of them was selected for propaganda purposes. Audience theater during the war greatly reduced.
http://www.historicus.ru/propaganda

 

Goebbels was the task of keep the people in a state of nervous excitement, and in this he was very successful. Vain propaganda minister subdued all spheres of ideological influence on the minds of the masses - the press, radio, literature, music, cinema, theater, visual arts, business and tourism. Under his command were about a thousand official propagandists.
Nazi propaganda of fascism played a huge role in the general direction of German history. Hitler made ​​extensive use of its ability to activate large numbers of people. He demanded to hold political meetings in the evening, when the mental and physical capabilities are weakened. He washed the psyche of people, making it more receptive, and then, concentrated on a limited number of slogans that are repeated constantly, everywhere and always:
1) "the death of Marxism";
2) breaking the Treaty of Versailles;
3) the conquest of Russia;
4) guarantee "social security" inside;
5) restoration of "national prestige" of Germany and all Germans.
http://www.historicus.ru/propaganda

 

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